As long as a society has a true freedom of speech it cannot be completely rotten. However, all totally rotten societies are lacking the true freedom of speech.
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National Identity in Stone: Finland’s Ancient Crust Meets Canada’s Hadean Record
The Earth began to form 4.7 billion years ago, when planetesimals—formed from material left over from the birth of the Sun—started to attract particles from the surrounding space and gradually gave rise to planets. This process eventually led, around 4.6 billion years ago, to the birth of the rocky planet on which I am writing this text.
This information was once taught to Finns of my generation. At the same time, we were told—in a spirit of patriotic pride—that Finland’s bedrock is extremely old, up to three billion years in age, though this is unlikely to be emphasized in the same way to today’s youth, who are more often guided to see themselves as global citizens.
This remains true, as the oldest known rock in Finland is about 3.5 billion years old. It is located slightly north of Finland’s geographical center, in the municipality of Pudasjärvi.
There is very little direct information about the Earth’s earliest crust, because rocks and minerals from the Hadean eon (>4.03 billion years old) are extremely rare. Even so, the age of the rock material in Pudasjärvi pales in comparison to that of the Canadian bedrock.
This is because, according to recent Canadian research, the Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt in Canada has been dated to as much as about 4.156 billion years old. This means that this bedrock formed during the Earth’s earliest geologic eon, the Hadean. Studying this Canadian rock thus offers us rare and valuable insight into what the newborn Earth might have been like.
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12 May 2025
Marx in the Classroom: How Ideological Education Shaped Careers and Values
Assistant Professors of Economics at the Stockholm School of Economics and the University of Helsinki, Jaakko Meriläinen and Matti Mitrunen, have investigated the long-term effects of an experiment conducted in Finland in 1974–75 on fifth-grade schoolchildren.
The experiment involved exposing children to pro-Soviet and Marxist interpretations of history. The educational materials used were essentially copied from Soviet textbooks and emphasized class struggle. The researchers were particularly interested in whether the pupils’ views would shift in favor of socialism.
In 1975, news of the experiment leaked to the public, prompting Finland’s then Social Democratic Minister of Education to admit that the handout used in teaching did not meet the required educational standards. As a result, the experiment was discontinued.
According to the findings of Meriläinen and Mitrunen, the children exposed to the experiment earned approximately 10 percent less over their lifetimes compared to control groups. Statistically, this effect is equivalent to ending formal education a year earlier.
They worked less and were more likely to choose socially-oriented, lower-paid professions such as teaching and nursing, and were less likely to pursue managerial positions.
However, the experiment had no measurable effect on educational attainment, cognitive abilities, or academic performance. The lower earnings were therefore not due to a lack of competence but rather to a conscious choice influenced by the propaganda they were exposed to in childhood.
As possible explanations for the reduced labor participation, the researchers suggest weakened materialistic values and a reluctance to work within a capitalist society. In other words, the findings demonstrate that propagandistic education can have a significant impact on individuals’ later economic behavior, political views, and values—even in a democratic, market-based society.
This study highlights the importance of ensuring that school education is grounded in scientific knowledge rather than political ideology. At the same time, it helps explain the paradox of why socialist societies based on planned economies have repeatedly lost the economic competition to free democratic societies—and why they have time after time produced outcomes contrary to their stated goals.
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